Materials: The primary material for torches was usually a long, sturdy stick or branch, often made from wood such as pine or birch. The choice of wood depended on availability and the desired burning properties. Additionally, materials like reeds or rushes could be used as alternatives.

Flammable Substance: The next step involved saturating one end of the stick with a flammable substance. Common substances included pitch (tar), resin, or animal fat. These substances were chosen for their ability to burn steadily and for an extended period.

Wrapping: Once the end of the stick was coated with the flammable substance, it was often wrapped with strips of cloth or rope to help contain the fuel and provide additional fuel for burning. The wrapping also served to protect the torchbearer's hands from the heat.

Ignition: To ignite the torch, a spark from a flint and steel or another fire-starting method would be used. Once lit, the torch would emit a steady flame, providing light and some heat.

Handling: Once lit, the torch needed to be handled carefully to prevent accidents and ensure maximum illumination. Torchbearers would typically hold the torch away from their bodies and at a safe distance from flammable materials.

Maintenance: If the torch burned out or needed refueling, it could be trimmed and re-dipped in the flammable substance. This process allowed for the reuse of the stick and minimised waste.